social constructivism international relations
In addition to considering how the two types of norm dynamics are related, the current norms literature brings traditional open questions in constructivism into sharp relief. Post Cold War Era- Provided much diverse approach to understand and analyze international relations. Instead of calculating what is best for improving its utility, an actor motivated by the logic of appropriateness will instead reason what actors like me should do. Abstract: The history of social constructivism in International Relations (IR) is marked by cognitive change and continuity. Kowert, P., & Legro, J. Essentialism believes that our identities are linked to a fixed, universal, innate 'essence'. In both cases, compliance with an international norm behaving in a way that matches the behavioral strictures of the norm is expressly theorized and variation in compliance is explained not by pitting constructivist and rationalist/materialist variables, but by examining processes by which domestic actors interpret and manipulate international and local norms. They (2005:25) note, As domestic actors search about for new ideas to legitimate their self-interested preferences, the norms and institutions of the international system often provide them. While Cortell and Davis do not problematize the substance of the financial liberalization norm under examination, they do attend to a neglected aspect of norm dynamics the actions of those actors who are targeted for socialization. (Eds.). Ideas do not float freely: Transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the cold war. The culture of national security. Beginning with the assumption that actors reason about social norms means considering norms to be (at least somewhat) external to actors, part of their social context, but at least potentially manipulable by actors. Constructivism focuses on the social context in which international relations exist. Advance of Theory of Constructivism in IR The theory's rise is generally attributed after the end of cold war . Norms are shared beliefs, knowledge, and practice about the world in this sense, they are intersubjective, meaning a norm can be understood and shared amongst actors. While neorealists argued that attacking Iraq was not in the national interests of the USA and that containment was more effective (Mearsheimer and Walt 2003), neoconservative hawks determined otherwise. Steele, B. Those facts that rely on human agreement (institutional facts) differ from brute facts (like mountains, for example), which do not need human institutions for their existence. Further, constructivists became more cautious about basing their analyses on the logic of appropriateness. Social constructivism is well suited to address continuous changes in European integration. In this regard, although posited by Wendt as a via media (1992, 1999) or middle ground (Adler 1997) with rationalism, constructivism offers a different view of key concepts like power. There is considerable confusion in the field on what precisely constitutes social constructivism and what distinguishes it from other approaches to international relations.1 As a result, it has become fairly common to introduce constructivism as yet another substantive theory of international rela- In more historical examples, states that chose neutrality during times of war did so against strong material factors that would have potentially granted them safety and survival had they opted to join one side or the other. Understanding compliance with and contestation over norms either in isolation or together can be enhanced by paying more attention to the prior understanding of who is in the community. Silverstone, S. (2021). From this mainly structural perspective, social norms were conceptualized as an alternative to rationalist/materialist variables in explanations of world politics. Adler, E., & Barnett, M. International relations and military sciences. The norms-oriented work that followed this initial burst of activity in the 2000s built upon the success that was achieved, but also changed the trajectory of research on social norms in world politics to include broader notions of norm dynamics. This pivot is an interesting development in norms research for two reasons. Norms and identity in world politics. Download. As political processes such as the 2008 economic crisis in Europe and Brexit show, theorising a polity. Under a constructivist lens, the primacy of state survival in realist thought also undergoes reconsideration. During the First World War, Belgium, driven by a sense of honor, chose to fight Germany even though the Belgians risked and experienced catastrophic consequences (Steele 2008b). Holding social norms relatively constant in order to do this was deemed an acceptable trade-off. Social Constructivism, especially after the 1980s, has become a common approach in dealing with and examining different issues in the field of humanities and social sciences. Certainly actors are strategic, but constructivist logic dictates that the normative context defines and shapes that strategic behavior (Muller 2004). How strong is the nuclear taboo today? Social Constructivism Summary Notes. Staff & Defence College, Norwegian Defence University College, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Defence University College / Norwegian Military Academy, Oslo, Norway. Constructivism is the new approach to International Relations. Not all states interpret power in the material or hierarchical sense. This chapter will explore what constructivism is, and its underlying claims and key influences, while comparing its core tenets to theories such as realism (see Realist International Relations Theory and The Military by Schmidt in this volume) and liberalism (see Liberal International Relations Theory and The Military by Silverstone in this volume). 1999). (Ed.). Combining the beliefs, norms and values of influential individuals, as well as the state as a whole, creates its identity, which then influences its behaviors. From this perspective, the logic of appropriateness, as it was developed through engagement with the logic of consequences foil, allowed the socially constructed ideational/normative world to play a role by providing cues as to what behaviors were appropriate. It is ideas, according to constructivists, that play a large role in determining how actors act. Ontological security in international relations. Steele, B. International Studies Quarterly, 60(3), 475485. Cham: Springer. Zehfuss, M. (2002). Is Dewey a social constructivist? European Security, 27(3), 374392. It brought former Warsaw Pact nations into its fold and strengthened convergence around normative issues such as human rights through social learning (Gheciu 2005; Fierke and Wiener 1999). Constructivism focuses on Norms, Ideas, and behaviors in order to understand how IR works and why people do what they do. Mitzen, J. What Is Social Constructivism? Giddens (1984:22) argued that social rules do not specify all the situations which an actor might meet with, nor could [they] do so; rather, [they] provide for the generalized capacity to respond to and influence an indeterminate range of social circumstances. Until recently this insight was often bracketed and it was assumed that norm acceptors follow the norms that structure their community relatively unproblematically. Two strands of research, on the relations between strategic behaviour and international norms and between rationalism and constructivism, serve as examples of promising research in constructivist international relations theory. Viewed in this way, as Onuf insists, "Constructivism applies to all fields of social inquiry" and "is a way of studying social relations - any kind of social relations." Constructivism sees power in terms of what it does and means (Guzzini 2005); ideas have power (e.g., that democracies are good). If it was not, then the international order and what security means could be something completely different. Moreover, social constructivism emphasizes social relations in global politics, and sees security and international politics as determined by ideas as well as material factors. Constructivism (International Relations) For decades, the international relations theory field was comprised largely of two more dominant approaches: the theory of realism, and liberalism/pluralism. Making sense, making worlds: Constructivism in social theory and international relations. forthcoming). International Studies Review, 4(1), 4972. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Other articles where constructivism is discussed: international relations: Constructivism: In the late 20th century the study of international relations was increasingly influenced by constructivism. In the 1980s and 1990s, efforts to wind back the proliferation of nuclear weapons which by this stage had reached staggering proportions, particularly in the USA and USSR prompted scientists and nuclear experts, civil society organizations, and other actors, to form what is called epistemic communities. As Sandholtz (2008:101) puts it disputes about acts are at the heart of a process that continually modifies social rules. This goes against realist reliance on a world structured by anarchy that compels states to behave in certain ways, regardless of what sort of states they are (Farrell 2002, pp. Instead social norms are generic rules that allow agents to behave and get along in a wide range of situations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Constructivism was and remains a very different approach to world politics than its erstwhile competitors. Undoing the freezing of norms has been based on a reimagining of social norms as generic social facts that are inherently dynamic. Throughout the chapter, reference will be made to constructivisms epistemological (how we know it), ontological (what we know), teleological (what is the purpose), and methodological (the tools we use to study) standing, where it is located in IR theorizing, and what it can mean for understanding military phenomena (see Philosophy of Military Science by Sookermany in this volume). Social Constructivism in International Relations and the Gender Dimension . Bruner (1990) and Piaget (1972) are considered the chief theorists among the cognitive constructivists, while Vygotsky (1978) is the major theorist among the social constructivists. Norms, identity, and their limits: A theoretical reprise. [1] [3] The goal was to show how a target behavior can be accounted by considering the ideational context, how ideas and norms constitute interests, or how social norms influence actors understandings of the material world. This review examines the constructivist norms-oriented literature from early efforts geared at gaining acceptance in a field dominated by the neorealist/neoliberal debates, through the recent emergence of agendas focused on norm compliance and contestation. When interacting with external norms, the targets of socialization reason about and in some cases manipulate the social norms (international or domestic) that shape their behavior. For constructivists, a focus on identity makes it possible to consider more deeply how domestic factors, ideas, discourses, cultures, and norms shape the interests of states and the choices states make. For the Athenians, the refusal of the Melians the much weaker party to submit and their preference for neutrality was an affront to their power. The initial wave of empirical norms work provided a solid foundation for the newly emergent constructivist approach, but it tended to bracket the vibrant existence of norms themselves. Abstract. London: Routledge. Critiques Lack a theory of agency: - According to Hopt (The Promise of Constructivism in international relations theory, 1998), constructivism is an approach, not a theory; or at most a theory of process. Constructivist International Relations theorists tend to use concepts of socially constructed identities, ideas and norms to empirically and analytically examine . Post modernism // Refer political theory (section 1A) also. A number of recent studies have examined just this tension and the range of empirical topics being considered from this perspective is now quite broad. Constructivism considers these interactions as a sociological process in which its agents and structures are centered in a reciprocal constitution; a part of society can not be understood without the other ones. Nordic strategic culture. Steele, B., Gould, H., & Kessler, O. However, some scholars found the mode of action where actors consciously reason about what is appropriate to be a problematic foundation for constructivist thought. The social construction of Swedish neutrality: Challenges to Swedish identity and sovereignty. The UK and the USA are part of NATO, so share alliance membership, but have also stood shoulder to shoulder in conflicts like Afghanistan and Iraq in response to global terrorism, which both states understand to be an existential threat to their way of life. Meaning is socially constructed this epistemological claim suggests that depending on ones position and perspective, knowledge and meaning produce different interpretations (Guzzini 2005, p. 498). Less explicit attention was paid to the alternative perspectives on socialization: processes by which groups are maintained, the manner in which the targets of socialization affect both the socializers and targets of socialization (see Acharya 2004; Ba 2006), or the socialization of reluctant powerful actors (Cortell and Davis 2006; Johnston 2008). At the other end of the spectrum are constructivists who argue that agents reason through social structures. Social Constructivism or Constructivism is a theory in International Relations which holds that developments in international relations are being constructed through social processes in accordance with ideational factors such as identity, norms, rules, etc. However, the success of this initial wave of constructivist norms studies was built on an analytic move that would engender significant debate in the 2000s. This chapter will take the reader through the key ideas of social constructivism also referred to as constructivism in this chapter showing how norms, culture, and ideas about identity shape actors, condition their relations with each other, and can impact the so-called given nature of international relations and transform understandings of power relations. In the attempt to understand when and where norms are likely to be efficacious, these authors stake out a position on the reasoning aboutreasoning through norms spectrum. Schmidt, B. Krahmann, E. (2018). In addition, rather than taking the external norm as given, recent socialization studies examine compliance with international norms as a process by which states (already normatively constituted) interact with, manipulate, and (sometimes) incorporate external ideas in a dynamic fashion. Ideas about whether actors reason about norms or through norms can be linked to underlying behavioral logics that constructivists have devised and developed since the inception of the approach. Conventional constructivists like Wendt see similarities between constructivism and rationalist perspectives and methodologies. Constructivism argues that culture, social structures and human institutional frameworks matter. Interpreting the impact of a norm. Reuters, 2 July. Constructivists say that to understand these sorts of questions, one cannot simply turn to material factors like military power these do not explain why some states are seen as threats and others as benign. How is it that western states like the UK, for example, do not fear thousands of nuclear weapons that the USA possesses, but worries about states like Iran or North Korea, who hold far fewer nuclear weapons? Constructivism has developed over the years and it is now possible to speak of it in terms of generations. The first generation is identified in the 1980s, where constructivism focused on agents and structures. Constructivism relies in part on the theory of the social construction of reality, which says that whatever reality is perceived to be, for the . Yet this dominant view of international relations was significantly challenged by Alexander Wendt in the early 1990s with the simple premise: anarchy is what states make of it (Wendt 1992, pp. In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. The current literature on compliance with social norms has taken a question that motivated the socialization studies of the 1990s Why do some transnational ideas and norms find greater acceptance in a particular locale than in others? (Acharya 2004:240) in new directions. States may join military alliances to bandwagon with stronger powers, as realists tell us. Social theory of international politics. Constructivism is an International Relations (IR) theory. Comprised of a series of conventions that go back to 1864, it is now a part of customary international law, so it applies to all states during warfare. Scholars such as Adler (2008), Pouliot (2008), and Hopf (2002) found this reflective aspect of the logic of appropriateness to allow for too much independence between agents and structures. Constructivism had been marginalized by these mainstream theories because it focused on social construction instead of material construction (Barkin, 2017). Constructivists are often too fast and loose with the use of the term norm without a concomitant discussion of what the community of norm acceptors looks like and by what criteria we can identify a community of norm acceptors. This standpoint of Constructivism is contrary to the 'atomized' New York: M. E. Sharpe. (pp. Constructivism The international relations theory that suggests that people create their own reality, . There is significant overlap with the socialization literature here as the mechanisms by which an idea becomes a norm are not all that different from the mechanisms by which an actor outside a normative community is brought within. At the core of social constructivism is the idea that international politics and indeed human relations are socially constructed rather than given. Its core ideas are based around three ontological positions relating to identity, ideas, and mutual constitution. Germany and Japan, for example, had antimilitaristic strategic cultures after the Second World War which impacted their military engagement and organization (Berger 1996; Hagstrm and Gustafsson 2015). Social phenomenon such as states, alliances or international institutions, are not thought to exist independent of human meaning and action. They demonstrated that constructivism consisted of more than a metatheoretical critique of rational/material approaches and could indeed be used to structure rigorous empirical investigations across the spectrum of issues in international relations. London: Routledge. Adler, E. (1997). Social Constructivism sees the whole discipline of International Relations as a social construction. The Athenians demand that neutral Melos side with them against Sparta. Constructivism is the claim that significant aspects of international relations are historically and socially contingent (subject to change), rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential characteristics of world politics. (1996). This is natural given that this work is still in the area of socialization. Constructivists used this logic in early efforts to contrast their work with more established rationalist perspectives on world politics (see especially Finnemore 1996) because the logic of appropriateness contends that actors in world politics undertake actions that are appropriate for their particular identity. Conventional constructivism is not interested in replacing one reality of world politics with another. Chapter 4 Constructivism and Interpretive Theory CCRAIGPARSONS [A constructivist argument claims tear people do one thing and not anurher due co the presence of certain social construct ideas, belies, noms, idenies, or some other iterpreuire fer through which people perceive the wood. Constructivism is a structural theory of the international system that makes the following core claims: (1) states are the principal units of analysis for international political theory; (2) the key structures in the states system are intersubjective rather than material; and. Shannon (2000:294) makes a sophisticated argument along these lines, claiming that due to the fuzzy nature of norms and situations, and due to the imperfect interpretation of such norms by human agency, oftentimes norms are what states (meaning state leaders) make of them. Such an interpretation of constructivist thought moves him to make a familiar argument about the split between norm-based and interest-based behavioral impulses (Shannon 2000:298302; Van Kersbergen and Verbeek 2007). Both of these critiques run afoul of constructivist logic yet are legitimate given how norms were conceptualized in the initial wave of empirical constructivist work. First, norms are relatively stable if they were not, it would be hard to justify or observe this analytic category. Wendt, A. Constructivism demonstrates the flexibility and critical stance that characterizes the reflectivist theories by stressing the socially constructed aspect of international realities and highlighting the ever-changing nature of the study of International Relations. To be specific, I navigated core tenets of constructivism in terms of its ontology, epistemology, and methodology, respectively. (Eds.). Norms are born anew every day as actors instantiate them through their beliefs and actions and, as Sandholtz (2008:101) notes, normative structures, in other words, cannot stand still.. Constructivism is based on the general notion that international relations are socially constructed. Initial constructivist studies of social norms generally clustered into three areas. Clearly this is a continuum because if agents were truly independent from or entirely dependent upon social structures, we would not be talking about constructivism. New York: M. E. Sharpe. 5. Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. For military studies scholars, his three cultures of anarchy help capture how conventional constructivism relates to military affairs and international security). WEEK 4 . On the contrary, this analytic device has a deep history in the sociological and economic literatures. Early constructivist work in the 1980s and early 1990s sought to establish a countervailing approach to the material and rational theories that dominated the study of international relations (e.g., Wendt 1987, 1992; Onuf 1989; Kratochwil 1989; Ruggie 1993; Kratochwil and Ruggie 1986). 134). Prominent in the initial empirical norms research in this vein were studies that examined how given norms in a particular community diffused to actors outside the community (e.g., Risse-Kappen 1994; Keck and Sikkink 1998; Risse, Ropp, and Sikkink 1999; Checkel 2001; Johnston 2001). Intersubjective facts like social norms only exist within a community of actors that accept them. Laffey and Weldes (1997:195) warned against this when they argued that ideas should be understood as elements of constitutive practices and relations rather than as neo-positivist causal variables None of this was unknown to the pioneering empirical constructivists who fleshed out the early theoretical forays into constructivist thought. Moreover, the Geneva Convention is an example of both a regulative and a constitutive norm, in that it not only proscribes state behavior but established a new international normative order, creating expectations for international behavior. The growth of Private Military Companies (PMCs) or Private Military Security Contractors (PMSCs) in the 1990s and their increased use in conflicts has been a consequence of a range of different factors: increasing neo-liberalization, cuts to defense budgets and a desire for states to outsource security. Beyond fueling critiques of constructivism, treating norms as static entities made it difficult for constructivists to explain normative change (ironic for an approach that rose to prominence with its critique of other theories inability to explain change). In A. M. Sookermany (Ed. Second, analytic tractability is necessary and is no trivial accomplishment. ( 2018 ) inherently dynamic, B., Gould, H., & Kessler, O social and! Was deemed an acceptable trade-off and methodologies an alternative to rationalist/materialist variables in of... Holding social norms as generic social facts that are inherently dynamic social constructivism international relations if they not. 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Much diverse approach to understand and analyze international relations and military sciences and their limits: theoretical... Norms to empirically and analytically examine lens, the primacy of state survival in realist thought also undergoes.... Contrary to the & # x27 ; New York: M. E. Sharpe to rationalist/materialist variables in explanations world. 2008:101 ) puts it disputes about acts are at the core of social constructivism in relations! Of constructivism in social theory and international relations theorists tend to use concepts of socially constructed identities ideas... Theories because it focused on agents and structures relations ( IR ) is marked cognitive. Than given worlds: constructivism in social theory and international security ) wide range of situations and... Now possible to speak of it in terms of its ontology, epistemology, and the end the. A very different approach to world politics with another norms relatively constant in order understand. It focused on social construction of Swedish neutrality: Challenges to Swedish identity and sovereignty of! Are relatively stable if they were not, it would be hard to justify observe. Alternative to rationalist/materialist variables in explanations of world politics with another ( 2018 ) constructivism was and remains a different... As generic social facts that are inherently dynamic order and what security means could be completely. As realists tell us relates to military affairs social constructivism international relations international security ) the 2008 economic crisis in Europe Brexit. 1A ) also theory & # x27 ; atomized & # x27 ; s rise is generally attributed the. Of situations it in terms of its ontology, epistemology, and the Gender.. In IR the theory & # x27 ; New York: M. E. Sharpe instead social norms are stable! Ideas do not float freely: Transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the Gender Dimension Studies Review 4... Cautious about basing their analyses on the social context in which international relations that! Politics with another norms generally clustered into three areas variables in explanations of world than...
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