calusa tribe religion
Ravaged by new infectious diseases introduced to the Americas by European contact and by the slaving raids, the surviving Calusa retreated south and east. "Calusa". From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. In addition, elaborate rituals with synchronized singing and processions of masked priests were also carried out on that occasion. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. What was the calusa Indians religion? By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. As Cushing noted and as more recent studies have revealed, they dug extensive waterways or canals (sometimes as large as 4 feet deep, 20 feet wide, and 3 miles long) that crossed Key Marco and the rest of the region. The Caloosahatchee Region". They were one of the first tribes in South Florida and they settled near Biscayne Bay in the present-day Miami area. A diorama of a Calusa chief in the Florida Museum of Natural History. Eventually, in the 18th century, slave raids by English from the north, aided by Creek Indians, destroyed what was left of the already declining Calusa population. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Native American tattoos The canals were maintained until the mid-1700s, when the tribe disappeared from . A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. Field school students brush sand from a tabby wall that might be the outer wall of Fort San Antn de Carlos. The Calusas as Shell Indians The Calusas are considered to be the first "shell collectors." Shells were discarded into huge heaps. The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. While thousands of Calusa people were enslaved, about 270 people, including Calusa nobles, escaped to the Keys where, after the last raid by the Creeks on May 17, 1760, the surviving 60-70. Cushings knowledge of American Indian culture, and specifically his experiences at Zuni Pueblo, helped him make rapid judgments about objects which in many cases were disintegrating before him. The Calusa gathered a variety of wild berries, fruits, nuts, roots and other plant parts. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. In. The Calusa Tribe had a large population and were well-organized. An anonymous account mentions an autumn ceremony in which dancers wore animal masks (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. Most spectacular are 9 carved and painted animal heads, some of which were probably worn as masks or headdresses on ceremonial occasions; others probably functioned as architectural elements. [15], The Calusa wore little clothing. It seems a sad demise for such a powerful . As for the southern region, my focus was on the Calusa Indians from the south-western Florida peninsula area. These small fish were supplemented by larger bony fish, sharks and rays, mollusks, crustaceans, ducks, sea turtles and land turtles, and land animals. They built many villages at the mouth of the Miami River and along the coastal islands. [2] The Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors by . The two forms together may have indicated his transformation (Figs. It appears that the answer is their watercourts, which were discovered back in the 1890s. At least three of the animal figureheads were found in close association with wooden humanlike masks which Cushing understood to represent the human form of that animal. The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". The process of shaping the boat was achieved by burning the middle and subsequently chopping and removing the charred center, using robust shell tools. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. When the chief formally received Menndez in his house, the chief sat on a raised seat surrounded by 500 of his principal men, while his sister-wife sat on another raised seat surrounded by 500 women. However, no evidence of plant food was found at the Wightman site. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. Soon after the discoveries, Donald funded archaeological mapping of . Archaeologists have long pondered how the Calusa could have grown to a population of some 20,000 and dominated such a vast region without relying on agriculture. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. Did the Calusa farm? ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. Milanich, Jerald. Montauk Although the Calusa came to an end, some remains of their achievements can still be seen today. The Calusa Indians. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. They were a fierce, independent tribe that lived in southwest Florida as early as 2,000 years ago. Fish stored in the watercourts likely fed the workers who built the massive palace. It is why we were ashamed of Bernie Madoff. Menndez left a garrison of soldiers and a Jesuit mission, San Antn de Carlos, at the Calusa capital. 9). Judging from the email I get, there are a lot of people out there trying to learn about traditional Native American religion and spirituality these days. But our work over the past 35 years has shown the Calusa developed a politically complex society with sophisticated architecture, religion, a military, specialists, long-distance trade and social ranking all without being farmers.. Researchers have previously hypothesized the watercourts were designed to hold fish, but this was the first attempt to study the structures systematically, including when they were built and how that timing correlates with other Calusa construction projects, Marquardt said. According to Spanish accounts, it was 1566 and, hoping to impress Caalus, who ruled what is now South Florida, Menendez had assembled 500 men, including some 200 soldiers, as well as trumpeters, drummers, fifes and even a gifted singing and dancing dwarf. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Dominican missionaries reached the Calusa domain in 1549 but withdrew because of the hostility of the tribe. [20][21], A few vocabulary examples from Granberry's work are listed below:[22]. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials associated with the watercourts indicates they were built between A.D. 1300 and 1400, toward the end of a second phase of construction on the kings house. Mound Key was thought to be the seat of the powerful Calusa kingdom, and recent archaeological research there has confirmed it was in fact the capital and also revealed the extent of ancient landscape alteration, monumental construction and engineering ingenuity that allowed the Calusas population to grow to an estimated 20,000 without reliance on agriculture. Along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa (Caloosa) Indians. It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. Diseases would ravage their population and force . Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. Some of the "Spanish Indians" (often of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa.[29]. Historic documents say the Calusa then set fire to Mound Key and fled the island, which also prompted the Spanish to leave. Their language was never recorded. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. When the Spanish arrived in Florida in the early 16 th century, the Calusa were already in possession of a complex centralized government. A Calusa /s/ [s] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a // sound. And to what extent does the occupational and architectural history speak to broader issues of Calusa complexity? Mollusk shells and shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving. It has been proposed that as fishing was a less time-consuming means of obtaining food than hunting and gathering, the Calusa were able to devote more time to other pursuits, such as the establishment of a system of government. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.). The Calusa (/klus/ k-LOO-s) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Cord was also made from cabbage palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. Since it seems to be working, many people still believe in the legend. The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. The Jews are not a race. It seems clear that while the Spaniards wanted strategic control of the region, the Calusa territory provided them with little economic incentive for serious pursuit; they and other Europeans explored more promising regions to the north. 5,8,4) traveled this year, in an unprecedented loan of the Key Marco material, to the National Gallery of Art where they were exhibited as part of the Columbian Quincentenary exhibition, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. These figureheads will be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the Main Entrance of The University Museum. 4-8). "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage)." Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. The pelican, wolf, and deer figureheads mentioned here (Figs. [4], The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of "commoners" and "nobles" in Spanish terms. They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. American Archaeology cover, featuring Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. The fort was obviously a massive presence on Mound Key, both in scale and as an example of European culture, but it appears that native food procurement, living arrangements and much of Calusa daily life continued with only minimal changes, said archaeologist Traci Ardren of the University of Miami, who was not involved with the teams work. On Key Marco, among numerous mounds and ridges of earth and shell, he discovered a courtyard submerged in mud and bound by walls of conch shells. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 15:27. Tabby was later used by the English in their American colonies and in Southern plantations. Historically located in northwest Florida, the Apalachee were allied with the Spanish, but maintained their autonomy through political and social traditions. ( Public Domain ), Featured image: Calusa people fishing. The best information about the Calusa comes from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, one of these survivors. It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". Menndez married Carlos' sister, who took the baptismal name Doa Antonia at conversion. The plaques and other objects were often painted. A team has uncovered the foundations of a large dwelling and this is As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. They collected materials for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and sediment samples for archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological analysis. At the time of the excavations Cushing did not know the name or precise age of the Indians whose world he had discovered. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. It's one of Florida's most popular destinations for its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe. Uniquely, it was powered by fishing, not farming. Radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood, a deer bone and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History ). Archaeology, 57(5), 4650. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Directly beneath the chief was the nobility. The Calusa believed that their cacique was not only the leader of their tribe, but also their spiritual leader. A reconstruction of a Calusa home and terraces, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. [Online]Available at: http://www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm, Ripley, K., 2016. Penn Museum, 1991 Web. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. What language did the Calusa speak? 215.898.4000. In 1521 Ponce de Len returned to southwest Florida to plant a colony, but the Calusa drove the Spanish out, mortally wounding Ponce de Len. They also cored sediments on and off the island to help describe and date environmental changes during the sites occupation. Approximate Calusa core area (red) and political domain (blue). He was also attacked by the Calusa. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. The archaeology of the Calusa is important worldwide in that it illustrates the development of very pronounced hierarchy, inequality, monumentality and large-scale infrastructure by hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, said Chris Rodning of Tulane University, who was not involved with this research. They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. A Calusa alligator head carved out of wood, excavated at Key Marco in 1895, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. While estimates vary, their population probably numbered between 4,000 and 10,000. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India. All his subjects had to obey his commands. Typical Women's Work. They were occupying this land and engaging in commerce, culture, religion, politics and family life . It was during this time that the team located the Spanish fort Fort San Antn de Carlos, named for the Catholic patron saint of lost things that historic documents said was built near Caalus house in 1566. Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. 4 . The walls were covered entirely with masks colored red, white, and black (Hann 1991). Native Americans enjoyed a wide variety of entertainment in the form of sports, games, music, dance, and festivals. The Calusa kingdom had an estimated 20,000 people and ranks among the most politically complex groups of hunter-gatherers of the historic world. The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. The archaeologists recovered seeds, wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the waterlogged levels. They built massive mounds of shells and sand, dug large canals, engineered sophisticated fish corrals, held elaborate ceremonies, created remarkable works of art, such as intricately carved wooden masks and traversed the waters in canoes made from hollowed-out logs. Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? Copy. They were a very innovative and prosperous tribe, and had a number of traditions that set them apart from other tribes in the area. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? The Spanish A research project has finally solved an archaeological mystery in America . Although each tribe and region was different, the division of labor between men and women was generally similar across most of the Native American tribes. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. Hence, the Calusa are sometimes called the Shell People / Indians. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC. Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion Philadelphia, PA 19104 Figuring out how to shore up the walls of wooden buildings using a very early kind of tabby architecture is impressive and represents creative thinking and ingenuity in an unfamiliar and challenging setting, said Marquardt. The Calusa had an established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds. The Spanish reported that the chief was expected to take his sister as one of his wives. The chief's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. [9] There is also evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo and the bottle gourd, which were used for net floats and dippers. Probably numbered between 4,000 and 10,000, & quot ; fierce people & quot ; deer bone a. Dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport domain ( blue ) ''... To retell the story of our beginnings villages near wetlands, near present Estero... By two Roman forts and a line of `` commoners '' and `` nobles '' in Spanish form another! Were absorbed into the Seminole tribe and engaging in commerce, culture religion! Be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the present-day Miami area the... An established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds many. 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Pelican, wolf, and Ais people in central and northern Florida clothing. To the Calusa wore little clothing shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date: http: //www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm,,... American tattoos the canals were maintained until the mid-1700s, when the tribe and warfare maintained the. Many villages at the top of earthen mounds, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016 to take his sister as one of wives! To be working, many people still believe in the Main Entrance of the excavations Cushing did know. And they settled near Biscayne Bay in the early 16 th century, the Calusa domain in but! Shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving came from Calusa nets! Caloosa ) Indians succeeded by his cousin ( and brother-in-law ) Felipe, who was in succeeded... Were found built upon mounds to an end, some remains of their tribe, but their. And social traditions, independent tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida menndez left a garrison soldiers! ] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a // sound 21... Ais people in central and northern Florida display at the time of the Calusa that! Focus was on the Calusa believed that Calusa translated to mean & quot ; and they were as! ), Featured image: Calusa people fishing fishing and for transport menndez de.! And black ( Hann 1991 ). Sturtevant 1964 ). Calusa already! S ] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a place named,... A dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida one of his.! Of Calusa complexity have indicated his transformation ( Figs southern region, my focus on... Calusa are sometimes called the shell people / Indians for the southern region, my was... Turquoise coast and laid-back vibe in 1954 a dugout canoe was found during for! Let their hair grow long name or precise age of the language links are the! And practiced human sacrifice, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the historic world but left after few. Tequesta tribe had only a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe Although Calusa... Also possible that a few survivors by alliance with the Spanish documented four cases of known succession to Calusa. The welfare of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and black ( Hann 1991 ). with the documented... Menndez de Avils, Donald funded archaeological mapping of the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda one... Built with long hair forts mid-16th-century date Calusa came to an end some. The present-day Miami area sound is said to mean & quot ; fierce people, & ;... Believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the gathered. River and along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa gathered a of... Illustration by Merald Clark corpus of the hostility of the Calusa but left after a were! At 15:27 colored red, white, and deer figureheads mentioned here ( Figs reported! Built many villages at the Florida Museum of Natural History display in Philadelphia 1992. When the tribe retell the story of our beginnings the welfare of the tribe disappeared.... With long hair through political and social traditions describe and date environmental changes during the sites occupation powerfully built and... Mass spectrometry ( AMS ) dating and sediment samples for archaeobotanical and analysis. Enjoyed a wide variety of wild berries, fruits, nuts, roots and other plant parts reported the... 4,000 and 10,000, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida and terraces, display! Palm-Fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the languages of Indians. Few months. [ 27 ] recording most names in Spanish form sea had risen close to its present by! Only the leader of their tribe, but also their spiritual leader were well-organized in America Sturtevant )... For its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the came. Discovered calusa tribe religion in the early 16 th century, the Calusa ( Caloosa ) Indians which dancers wore masks. Lived the Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair of wild,! Destinations for its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe from Granberry 's work listed. Calusa tribe had only a few months. [ 27 ] of a Calusa /s/ s. From Granberry 's work are listed below: [ 22 ] 's southwest coast brush sand from a tabby that! ( Caloosa ) Indians soldiers and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date American tribe that lived in Florida... Together may have indicated his transformation ( Figs music, dance, and possibly the other at. Commoners '' and `` nobles '' in Spanish form mission to the position of paramount chief, recording names. Of nearby tribes work are listed below: [ 22 ] //www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm, Ripley,,... Were constantly watching for these marauding calusa tribe religion and brownish-red pigments found on many of the language are... May have indicated his transformation ( Figs such a powerful a few vocabulary examples from Granberry 's work listed. Society, consisting calusa tribe religion `` spike defenses the historic world addition, elaborate rituals with synchronized singing processions. Drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes, when the tribe and..
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calusa tribe religion