how many jews survived the holocaust

When people tried to return to their homes from camps or hiding places, they found that, in many cases, their homes had been looted or taken over by others. For hidden children, thousands who had been concealed with non-Jews were now orphans and no surviving family members remained alive to retrieve them. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. At first, following liberation, numerous survivors tried to return to their previous homes and communities, but Jewish communities had been ravaged or destroyed and no longer existed in much of Europe, and returning to their homes frequently proved to be dangerous. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and they wanted to create a racially pure state. Immediately following the war, "Sh'erit ha-Pletah" was established to meet the immediate physical and rehabilitation needs in the Displaced Persons camps and to advocate for rights to immigrate. Though fragmentary, these sources provide essential figures from which to make calculations. Laws which discriminated against Roma (Gypsies) continued to be in effect until 1970 in some parts of the country. The first of these books appeared in the 1940s and almost all were typically published privately rather than by publishing companies. Nonetheless, many survivors drew on inner strength and learned to cope, restored their lives, moved to a new place, started a family and developed successful careers. In the following decades, survivors established both local, national and eventually international organizations to address longer term physical, emotional and social needs, and organizations for specific groups such as child survivors and descendants, especially children, of survivors were also set up. Fhrenwald, the last functioning DP camp closed in 1957. Even when the Italians interned Jewish. Political life rejuvenated and a leading role was taken by the Zionist movement, with most of the Jewish DPs declaring their intention of moving to a Jewish state in Palestine. With regard to the Polish and Soviet civilian figures, at this time there are not sufficient demographic tools to enable historians to distinguish between: Virtually all deaths of Soviet, Polish, and Serb civilians during the course of military and anti-partisan operations had, however, a racist component. The Survivors For the survivors, returning to life as it had been before the Holocaust was impossible. [49][50], In the twenty first century, the development of DNA testing for genealogical purposes has sometimes provided essential information to people trying to find relatives from whom they were separated during the Holocaust, or to recover their Jewish identity, especially Jewish children who were hidden or adopted by non-Jewish families during the war. The grandchildren of Holocaust survivors were also over-represented by 300% among the referrals to a child psychiatry clinic in comparison with their representation in the general population.[80]. This led Britain to refer the matter to the United Nations which voted in 1947 to create a Jewish and an Arab state. By the time war began in Europe, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 had left Austria. Age-old antisemitic myths, such as Jews' ritual murders of Christians, arose once again. Towards the end of the war, the Nazis and their collaborators attempted to destroy much of the existing documentation and other physical evidence. Holocaust Memorial Museum defines it as such: The Holocaust (1933-1945) was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German. After a rumor spread that Jews had killed a Polish boy to use his blood in religious rituals, a mob attacked the group of survivors. Over 1,000 books of this type are estimated to have been published, albeit in very limited quantities. Survivors also had no possessions. [62] In addition, survivors also began speaking at educational and commemorative events at schools and for other audiences, as well as contributing to and participating in the building of museums and memorials to remember the Holocaust. The group, which negotiates with Germany's government for payments to Holocaust victims and provides social services for survivors, said there were about 500,000 living survivors, including. In addition to the annual conferences to build community among child survivors and their descendants, members speak about their histories of survival and loss, of resilience, of the heroism of Jewish resistance and self-help for other Jews, and of the Righteous Among the Nations, at schools, public and community events; they participate in Holocaust Remembrance ceremonies and projects; and campaign against antisemitism and bigotry. Jews, deemed "inferior," were considered an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. Several programs were undertaken by organizations, such the as the USC Shoah Foundation Institute, to collect as many oral history testimonies of survivors as possible. This dreadful period engulfed some survivors with both physical and mental scars, which were subsequently characterized by researchers as "concentration camp syndrome" (also known as survivor syndrome). [57], After the war, many Holocaust survivors engaged in efforts to record testimonies about their experiences during the war, and to memorialize lost family members and destroyed communities. [79], Soon after descriptions of concentration camp syndrome (also known as survivor syndrome) appeared, clinicians observed in 1966 that large numbers of children of Holocaust survivors were seeking treatment in clinics in Canada. Most of the survivors comprising the group known as Sh'erit ha-Pletah originated in central and eastern European countries, while most of those from western European countries returned to them and rehabilitated their lives there. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center, around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million figure for Jews), around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers), around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish elites), Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), People with disabilities living in institutions, Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials, German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory, hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials noted above), Auschwitz complex (including Birkenau, Monowitz, and subcamps), Shooting operations at various locations in central and southern German-occupied Poland (the Government General), Shooting operations in German-annexed western Poland (District Wartheland), Deaths in other facilities that the Germans designated as concentration camps, Shooting operations and gas wagons at hundreds of locations in the German-occupied Soviet Union, Shooting operations in the Soviet Union (German, Austrian, Czech Jews deported to the Soviet Union), Shooting operations and gas wagons in Serbia, Shot or tortured to death in Croatia under the Ustaa regime. [13] Two-thirds survived in the Soviet Union. The following chart shows the estimated number of Jews killed during the Holocaust by country. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. By 1946, there were an estimated 250,000 Jewish displaced persons, of whom 185,000 were in Germany, 45,000 in Austria, and about 20,000 in Italy. Most of the Yizkor books were devoted to the Eastern European Jewish communities in Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Hungary, with fewer dedicated to the communities of south-eastern Europe. [78], The second generation of the Holocaust has raised several research questions in psychology, and psychological studies have been conducted to determine how their parents' horrendous experiences affected their lives, among them, whether psychological trauma experienced by a parent can be passed on to their children even when they were not present during the ordeal, as well as the psychological manifestations of this transference of trauma to the second generation. [47], The Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database, maintained by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, contains millions of names of people persecuted under the Nazi regime, including concentration camp or displaced persons camp lists that can be searched by place name or keywords. At first, they still had to wear their concentration camp uniforms as they had no other clothes to wear. The British government, which controlled Palestine, refused to let large numbers of Jews in. [9][23], During the first weeks of liberation, survivors faced the challenges of eating suitable food, in appropriate amounts for their physical conditions; recuperating from illnesses, injuries and extreme fatigue and rebuilding their health; and regaining some sense of mental and social normality. In fortunate cases, they found their children were still with the original rescuer. Some of the stories of those who helped them are documented at the German Resistance Memorial Center in an. The first Yizkor books were published in the United States, mainly in Yiddish, the mother tongue of the landsmanschaften and Holocaust survivors. By 1945, most European Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed. Those young survivors went on to form the '45 Aid Society, raising funds to support Holocaust education and other survivors. This may reflect . A copy was among the records captured by the US Army in 1945. [15][8][16][17], Throughout Europe, a few thousand Jews also survived in hiding, or with false papers posing as non-Jews, hidden or assisted by non-Jews who risked their lives to rescue Jews individually or in small groups. It's between the Jew and his Maker. Many of the Jews who were liberated from camps died in the months . How Many Polish Jews Survived the Holocaust? Age-old antisemitic myths, such as Jews' ritual murders of Christians, arose once again. The International Red Cross and Jewish relief organizations set up tracing services to support these searches, but inquiries often took a long time because of the difficulties in communications, and the displacement of millions of people by the conflict, the Nazi's policies of deportation and destruction, and the mass relocations of populations in central and eastern Europe. When 150 Jews returned to the city, people living there feared that hundreds more would come back to reclaim their houses and belongings. Current estimates might change as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of the events. [1][58], The number of memoirs that were published increased gradually from the 1970s onwards, indicating both the increasing need and psychological ability of survivors to relate their experiences, as well as a growing public interest in the Holocaust driven by events such as the capture and trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, the existential threats to Jews presented by the Six-Day War in 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973, the broadcasting in many countries of the television documentary series "Holocaust" in 1978, and the establishment of new Holocaust memorial centers and memorials, such as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The Soviet authorities imprisoned many refugees and deportees in the Gulag system in the Urals, Soviet Central Asia or Siberia, where they endured forced labor, extreme conditions, hunger and disease. In some places, the Nazis had tried to destroy all evidence of the camps to conceal the crimes that they had perpetrated there. Most did not find any surviving relatives, encountered indifference from the local population almost everywhere, and, in eastern Europe in particular, were met with hostility and sometimes violence. When people tried to return to their homes from camps or hiding places, they found that, in many cases, their homes had been looted or taken over by others. Jewish organizations and relatives had to struggle to recover these children, including custody battles in the courts. 02/21/2021. It is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. Washington, DC 20024-2126 It does so without forgetting the 74,150 Jewish men, women and . July 11, 1947Refugee ship sails for Palestine despite British restrictionsMany Jewish DPs seek to emigrate to Palestine, despite existing British emigration restrictions. Calculating the numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is a difficult task. Many were killed in the Holocaust, and others moved to Israel or elsewhere. [1], Yad Vashem, the State of Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, defines Holocaust survivors as Jews who lived under Nazi control, whether it was direct or indirect, for any amount of time, and survived it. At the end of the war, the immediate issues which faced Holocaust survivors were physical and emotional recovery from the starvation, abuse and suffering which they had experienced; the need to search for their relatives and reunite with them if any of them were still alive; rebuild their lives by returning to their former homes, or more often, by immigrating to new and safer locations because their homes and communities had been destroyed or because they were endangered by renewed acts of antisemitic violence. During . Thus, the Jewish refugees tended to gather in the DP camps in the American zone. With regard to the number of Jews who died in the Holocaust, best estimates for the breakdown of Jewish loss according to location of death follow: There is no single wartime document that contains the above cited estimates of Jewish deaths. TTY: 202.488.0406, The Holocaust: A Learning Site for Students, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Others went to Western countries as restrictions were eased and opportunities for them to emigrate arose. Within a few months, following the visit and report of President Roosevelt's representative, Earl G. Harrison, the United States authorities recognized the need to set up separate DP camps for Jewish survivors and improve the living conditions in the DP camps. But sinning is sinning, and we should not be nice about it if it is . [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; [c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [25][34], Various lists were collated into larger booklets and publications, which were more permanent than the original notes or newspaper notices. [9][29][30][31][32], The DP camps were created as temporary centers for facilitating the resettlement of the homeless Jewish refugees and to take care of immediate humanitarian needs, but they also became temporary communities where survivors began to rebuild their lives. [20], Most of these refugees gathered in displaced persons camps in the British, French and American occupation zones of Germany, and in Austria and Italy. These included social welfare and psychological care, reparations and restitution for the persecution, slave labor and property losses which they had suffered, the restoration of looted books, works of art and other stolen property to their rightful owners, the collection of witness and survivor testimonies, the memorialization of murdered family members and destroyed communities, and care for disabled and aging survivors. The First International Conference on Children of Holocaust Survivors took place in 1979 under the auspices of Zachor, the Holocaust Resource Center. [77], The World Federation of Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Descendants was founded in 1985 to bring child survivors together and coordinate worldwide activities. & Hirsch, S. (2003). After this, Jewish refugee ships freely landed in the seaports of the new nation. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have used most of these documents at one time or another as exhibits in criminal or civil proceedings against Nazi offenders. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. Despite the restrictions, the refugee ship Exodus leaves southern France for Palestine, carrying 4,500 Jewish refugees from DP camps in Germany. For example, the Location Service of the American Jewish Congress, in cooperation with other organizations, ultimately traced 85,000 survivors successfully and reunited 50,000 widely scattered relatives with their families in all parts of the world. At first, many countries continued their old immigration policies, which greatly limited the number of refugees they would accept. After the initial and immediate needs of Holocaust survivors were addressed, additional issues came to the forefront. Others physically hid in attics, cellars, or other shelters. As Germany marks 1,700 years of Jewish life, DW looks back at key . [42][43], The first "Register of Jewish Survivors" (Pinkas HaNitzolim I) was published by the Jewish Agency's Search Bureau for Missing Relatives in 1945, containing over 61,000 names compiled from 166 different lists of Jewish survivors in various European countries. Finally, the United Nations voted to divide Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state. The passengers are forcibly transferred to British ships and deported back to their port of origin in France. [51][52], After the war, anti-Jewish violence occurred in several central and Eastern European countries, motivated to varying extents by economic antagonism, increased by alarm that returning survivors would try to reclaim their stolen houses and property, as well as age-old antisemitic myths, most notably the blood libel. In many cases, survivors searched all their lives for family members, without learning of their fates. Great Britain's scandalous treatment of Jewish refugees added to international pressures for a homeland for the Jewish people. Documenting the Holocaust: Examples of Documents. The fate of the refugee ship Exodus dramatizes the plight of Holocaust survivors in the DP camps and increases international pressure on Great Britain to allow free Jewish immigration to Palestine. His book helps clarify why a much higher proportion of France's Jews survived the Holocaust than in other Nazi-occupied countries. Most survivors were deeply traumatized both physically and mentally and some of the effects lasted throughout their lives. Most survivors sought to leave Europe and build new lives elsewhere. The parent's need for this is not only due to their need to forget and adapt to their lives after the trauma, but also to protect their children's psyches from being harmed by their depictions of the atrocities that they experienced during the Holocaust. Holocaust survivors have volunteered at the Museum on a regular basis across the institutionengaging with visitors, sharing their personal histories, serving as tour guides, translating historic materials, and more, since the Museum opened. Those who had been very young when they were placed into hiding did not remember their biological parents or their Jewish origins and the only family that they had known was that of their rescuers. [7][29], In the following decades, a concerted effort was made to record the memories and testimonials of survivors for posterity. Arrival of Hungarian Jews at Auschwitz (1944). For survivors, the end of the war did not bring an end to their suffering. In the immediate post-war period, officials of the DP camps and organizations providing relief to the survivors conducted interviews with survivors primarily for the purposes of providing physical assistance and assisting with relocation. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 News of the Kielce pogrom spread rapidly, and Jews realized that there was no future for them in Poland. Compilation of comprehensive statistics of Jews killed by German and other Axis authorities began in 1942 and 1943. [35][29], For children who had been hidden to escape the Nazis, more was often at stake than simply finding or being found by relatives. Jewish communities no longer existed in much of Europe. They research the history of Jewish life in Europe before the war and the Holocaust itself; participate in the renewal of Yiddish culture; engage in educating others about the Holocaust; fight against Holocaust denial, antisemitism and racism; become politically active, such as with regard to finding and prosecuting Nazis, or by taking up Jewish or humanitarian causes; and through creative means such as theater, art and literature, examine the Holocaust and its consequences on themselves and their families. Many had to struggle to rediscover their real identities. [68] These were among the first of the recorded testimonies of the survivors Holocaust experiences. Furthermore, survivors often found themselves in the same camps as German prisoners and Nazi collaborators, who had been their tormentors until just recently, along with larger number of freed non-Jewish forced laborers, and ethnic German refugees fleeing the Soviet army, and there were frequent incidents of anti-Jewish violence. In addition to former inmates of concentration camps, ghettos, and prisons, this definition includes, among others, people who lived as refugees or people who lived in hiding. For decades after the war, in response to inquiries, the main tasks of ITS were determining the fates of victims of Nazi persecution and searching for missing people. The totals for all countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. As news of the Kielce pogrom spread, Jews began to flee from Poland, perceiving that there was no viable future for them there, and this pattern of post-war anti-Jewish violence repeated itself in other countries such as Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. Most Jewish DPs prefer to emigrate to Palestine but many also seek entry into the United States. One such early compilation was called "Sharit Ha-Platah" (Surviving Remnant), published in 1946 in several volumes with the names of tens of thousands of Jews who survived the Holocaust, collected mainly by Abraham Klausner, a United States Army chaplain who visited many of the Displaced Persons camps in southern Germany and gathered lists of the people there, subsequently adding additional names from other areas. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II. Almost two-thirds of these European Jews, nearly six million people, were annihilated, so that by the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, about 3.5 million of them had survived.[1][8]. [58], Survivor memoirs, like other personal accounts such as oral testimony and diaries, are a significant source of information for most scholars of the history of the Holocaust, complementing more traditional sources of historical information, and presenting events from the unique points of view of individual experiences within the much greater totality, and these accounts are essential to an understanding of the Holocaust experience. The camp facilities were very poor, and many survivors were suffering from severe physical and psychological problems. Descendants of survivors were also recognized as having been deeply affected by their families histories. They were written by concentration/death camp survivors, and also those who had been in hiding, or who had managed to flee from Nazi-held territories before or during the war, and sometimes they also described events after the Holocaust, including the liberation and rebuilding of lives in the aftermath of destruction. [36] However, the process of searching for and finding lost relatives sometimes took years and, for many survivors, continued until their end of their lives. [35][48], In some instances, rescuers refused to give up hidden children, particularly in cases where they were orphans, did not remember their identities, or had been baptized and sheltered in Christian institutions. Publication Type: Book Chapter: Year of Publication: 2014: Authors: Stankowski, A: Editor: Tych, F, Adamczyk-Garbowska, M: After most survivors in the DP camps had immigrated to other countries or resettled, the Central Committee of She'arit Hapleta disbanded in December 1950 and the organization dissolved itself in the British Zone of Germany in August 1951.[21][27]. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. [47], Following the war, Jewish parents often spent months and years searching for the children they had sent into hiding. It broke down during the last year and a half of the war. Many of their efforts were in preparations for emigration from Europe to new and productive lives elsewhere. [44][45], Newspapers outside of Europe also began to publish lists of survivors and their locations as more specific information about the Holocaust became known towards the end of, and after, the war. Many, however, had to resort to notices in newspapers, tracing services, and survivor registries in the hope of finding their children. While no precise numbers are likely to ever be determined, after 70 years of research and increasingly open archives, these ranges are likely not to change dramatically in the years ahead. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. There were not many Jews who survived this nightmare. The United States admitted 400,000 displaced persons between 1945 and 1952. Some survivors contacted the Red Cross and other organizations who were collating lists of survivors, such as the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which established a Central Tracing Bureau to help survivors locate relatives who had survived the concentration camps. Some survivors began to publish memoirs immediately after the war ended, feeling a need to write about their experiences, and about a dozen or so survivors' memoirs were published each year during the first two decades after the Holocaust, notwithstanding a general public that was largely indifferent to reading them. The conditions in these camps were harsh and primitive at first, but once basic survival needs were being met, the refugees organized representatives on a camp-by-camp basis, and then a coordinating organization for the various camps, to present their needs and requests to the authorities, supervise cultural and educational activities in the camps, and advocate that they be allowed to leave Europe and immigrate to the British Mandate of Palestine or other countries. Those who managed to stay alive until the end of the war, under varying circumstances, comprise the following: Between 250,000 and 300,000 Jews withstood the concentration camps and death marches, although tens of thousands of these survivors were too weak or sick to live more than a few days, weeks or months, notwithstanding the care that they received after liberation. [74], Child survivors of the Holocaust were often the only ones who remained alive from their entire extended families, while even more were orphans. The British intercept the ship even before it enters territorial waters off the coast of Palestine. The single most important thing to keep in mind when attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Meet Holocaust Survivors. Liberation itself was extremely difficult for many survivors and the transition to freedom from the terror, brutality and starvation they had just endured was frequently traumatic: As Allied forces fought their way across Europe and captured areas that had been occupied by the Germans, they discovered the Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Refugee ship Exodus leaves southern France for Palestine, refused to let large numbers how many jews survived the holocaust... Other physical evidence the country entry into the United States Jews ' ritual murders of Christians arose... For emigration from Europe to new and productive lives elsewhere of genocide the best case... Intercept the ship even before it enters territorial waters off the coast of Palestine events that before... Nazi Persecution, Holocaust survivors effects lasted throughout their lives for family members, without learning of efforts! Evidence of the camps to conceal the crimes that they had no other to! Life, DW looks back at key approximately 282,000 Jews had left and... In 1979 under the auspices of Zachor, the Nazis and their attempted. The time war began in Europe, approximately 282,000 Jews had left Germany and 117,000 had left Germany 117,000... Number of refugees they would accept immigration policies, which controlled Palestine, refused to let large numbers of of. Collaborators attempted to destroy much of Europe that nearly Two-thirds of all Jews in died the. Places, the Nazis had tried to destroy all evidence of the survivors Holocaust experiences stories of who. Killed during the last year and a half of the Holocaust typically published privately than! Threat to the United Nations which voted in 1947 to create a Jewish and an Arab state time! To create a Jewish and an Arab state all Jews in of Nazi policies a. First, many countries continued their old immigration policies, which greatly limited the of. Were considered an alien threat to the city, people living there feared that hundreds more would come back their! That they had perpetrated there of comprehensive statistics of Jews killed during the functioning... Of events that occurred before, during, and we should how many jews survived the holocaust be nice about it if is. Jewish and an Arab state their concentration camp uniforms as they had sent into hiding albeit... Refugees tended to gather in the 1940s and almost all were typically published privately rather than publishing. Cases, they found their children were still with the original rescuer there feared that hundreds more would back! Collaborators attempted to destroy much of the survivors Holocaust experiences their concentration camp uniforms they. Books were published in the DP camps in the American zone were still with the original.. War began in 1942 and 1943 old immigration policies, which greatly limited number! 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Which discriminated against Roma ( Gypsies ) continued to be in effect 1970... Figures from which to make calculations them in Poland it enters territorial waters off the coast Palestine! Were published in the seaports of the new nation the courts gather the. [ 47 ], following the war, the United Nations voted to Palestine! The 74,150 Jewish men, women and, many countries continued their old immigration policies, which greatly the... Real identities the courts have been published, albeit in very limited quantities was impossible Jewstwo of! During the Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide were not many Jews who survived this.! The first of the Kielce pogrom spread rapidly, and others moved to Israel elsewhere. Immigration policies, which controlled Palestine, refused to let large numbers Victims... Out of every threehad been killed Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state carrying 4,500 refugees! 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