russian civil war summary
War communism was one of the main impacts of the civil war and it lead to a number of things including: poor conditions in the towns: Books/furniture used for fire, Hyperinflation made money worthless, Factories were transformed to produce guns and black markets sprung up everywhere. Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. The main zone of conflict was in the country's south, although disturbances occurred nationwide. Presidential elections were held on November 6, 1999. Already on the date of the Revolution, Cossack General Kaledin refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the Don region, where the Volunteer Army began amassing support. Elements of the UTO, especially in the Tavildara region, became the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, while the leadership of the UTO was opposed to the formation of the organization.[24]. Immediately download the Russian Civil War summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching Russian Civil War. The SRs created their own republic in Volga but their socialist army was beaten. It was made up of peasants and workers and the Red Guard. Февраль 2003, "The Tajik civil war: Causes and dynamics", "TAJIKISTAN CIVIL WAR - Facts and Details", "Tajikistan's Unconquerable Gorno-Badakhshan Region", "The Many Agents Of Tajikistan's Path To Peace", Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States, "Department Sozialwissenschaften : Institut für Politische Wissenschaft : Arbeits- und Forschungsstellen : Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung : Kriege-Archiv : ... VMO : 208 Tadschikistan (BK) - Bewaffneter Konflikt in Tadschikistan 1992-1998 und 1998-2001 (Universität Hamburg)", Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder on Tajikistan, Tajikistan: Refugee reintegration and conflict prevention, Human Rights Watch World Report: Tajikistan, Tajikistan: Opposition warns it may not sign peace accord, Tajikistan: Opposition may not sign peace accord tomorrow, Tajikistan: rising from the ashes of civil war, Key texts and agreements in the Tajikistan peace process, Tajikistan: Opposition criticizes Dushanbe's plan for Commission, Tajikistan: Two Russian military personnel killed, Tajikistan: Secular -- not Shari'a -- law prevails in eastern mountains, Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present), Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present), Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018), Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present), FULRO insurgency against Vietnam (1964–92), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_Civil_War&oldid=996940154, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia, Articles to be expanded from September 2012, Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia, Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Numerous spatial and temporal aspects of the Russian civil war make it difficult to clearly identify or even date precisely. President Rahmonov, UTO leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and Russian President Boris Yeltsin met in the Kremlin in Moscow on 26 June to finish negotiating the peace agreement. The year is 1917. Before and during the Civil War, the North and South differed greatly on economic issues. The war was about slavery, but primarily about its economic consequences. Islamic radicals from northern Afghanistan also began to fight Russian troops in the region. Collapse of German army eased the pressure on Bolsheviks in west. They focused on the fighting the Bolshevik socialism. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside the country. It only takes seconds! Fighting broke out in May 1992 between old-guard supporters of the government and a loosely organized opposition composed of ethnic and regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan areas (the latter were also known as Pamiris). [25][26], By the end of the war, Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. [17] On 7 September 1992, Nabiyev was captured by opposition protesters and forced at gunpoint to resign his presidency. The UTO warned in letters to United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and Tajik President Emomali Rahmon on 23 June 1997 that it would not sign the proposed peace agreement on June 27 if prisoner exchanges and the allocation of jobs in the coalition government were not outlined in the agreement. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. Every so often, politics in a country become so divided that factions can only solve their issues through fighting one another. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. The Bolshevik victory ensured the supremacy of the Russian Communists in the nascent Soviet Union. Rahmon wins the 1999 Tajik presidential election, This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 07:40. [19][20], The height of hostilities occurred from 1992–93 and pitted Kulobi militias against an array of groups, including militants from the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) and ethnic minority Pamiris from Gorno-Badakhshan. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. Tens of thousands were killed or fled to Afghanistan. The treaty of B-L provided the context for the Civil War. Journalists were particularly targeted for assassination and dozens of Tajik journalists were killed. The Reds were based in the industrialized cities such as Moscow and Petrograd and the White army was mainly based on the agrarian periphery. Although the Russian army had great numbers, the soldiers were not equipped or trained to fight. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. ATTENTION: Please help us feed and educate children by uploading your old homework! Islamic State of Afghanistan Taliban factions1[3], The Tajikistani Civil War (Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, romanized: Jangi şahrvandi'i Tojikiston/Çangi şahrvandiji Toçikiston), also known as the Tajik Civil War, began in May 1992 when regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan rose up against the newly-formed government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulob regions. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia.The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army.The Red Army was an army of communists.The White Army opposed the communists. Professional writers in all subject areas are available and will meet your assignment deadline. The remaining scattered resistance was more or less a matter of mopping up for the Bolsheviks. The civil war is located historically as the culmination of World War I and revolution. In Russia, the civil war was fought between the Red Army and the White Army - essentially between Russians who espouse… In Oct Yudenich made dash for Petrograd but Trotsky mobilized the working class and brought up reinforcements by rail from Moscow and whites were pushed towards Estonia. The fight between the former communist elite and opposition shifted from the political sphere to an ethnic and clan based one. Akbar Turajonzoda, second-in-command of the UTO, repeated this warning on 26 June, but said both sides were negotiating. The peace agreement completely eliminated the Leninabad region (Khujand) from power. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army and White Army. 1) Khujand 2) Dushanbe 3) Gharm 4) Qurghonteppa 5) Kulob, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General, United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan, "Tajikistan: President Meets With Popular Front Commanders", Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Free proofreading and copy-editing included. [9], The main zone of conflict was in the country's south, although disturbances occurred nationwide. Immediately after the two Revolutions of 1917, the Civil War broke out in the former Russian Empire. The northern elite wanted economic expansion that would change the southern (slave-holding) way of life. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. The allied powers intervened in the civil war on the side of the white army to renew the war efforts in Russia against the Germans. Your online site for school work help and homework help. A huge Russian army was formed by forcing working class and peasant men to join. Interests, "Боевые действия на таджикско-афганской границе (начало 1990-х гг. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. There was opposition to the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution but it intensified after the closure of the Constituent Assembly (January 1918) and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918). Russian Civil War “Lenin was prepared for a civil war and perhaps even welcomed it as a chance to build his party’s power base.” ●Rationale - Civil War would polarise ‘revolutionary’ & ‘counter- revolutionary’ elements in Russia & extend the state’s military & political They. With the aid of the Russian military and Uzbekistan, the Leninabadi-Kulobi Popular Front forces routed the opposition in early and late 1992. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia. The coalition government in the capital was forced to resign. Under Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's 'Perestroika' policies, a Muslim-Democratic movement began to emerge in Tajiki SSR. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. The American Civil War, waged from 1861 to 1865, is remembered on this date. The Red army was able to defeat them separately. This is a basic overview of the Russian Civil War, so I've excluded quite a lot. The violence was particularly concentrated in Qurghonteppa, the power base of the IRP and home to many Garmis. The Russian civil war took place from November 1917 until October 1922. The first party was led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky with their Red Army. White army generals Kolchack and Denikin were dictator like themselves and wished to bring back the old order to Russia and keep the integrity of the Russian empire. RUSSIA UNDER THE OLD REGIME (1974) was his first illuminating study; he will be adding a third volume, which will cover the Russian Civil War and … [9] On 27 June 1997, Tajikistan president Emomali Rahmon, United Tajik Opposition (UTO) leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General Gerd Merrem signed the "General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan" and the "Moscow Protocol' in Moscow, Russia, ending the war.[16]. On December 1922, when the Soviet Union or USSR was created, the non-Russian nationals were given political autonomy. [10][12] An estimated 20,000[13] to 100,000 people were killed by June 1997[14][15] and about 10 to 20 percent of the population were internally displaced. By 1921 cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of … To tsarists, liberals, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries alike, the Bolsheviks had not only betrayed the promise of a democratic government, they had also betrayed Russia to the German Kaiser. Hope everybody can follow this. The October Revolutionwas a much more deliberate event, orchestrated by a small groupof people. The government, on the other hand, was dominated by people from the Leninabadi region, which had also made up most of the ruling elite during the entire Soviet period. Trotsky and Vicietis created a disciplined and efficiently fighting Red Army which made them win at the end of the day. It can also be roughly split into the following periods. The civil war was at its peak during its first year and dragged on for five years, devastating the country. In large part due to the foreign support they received, the Kulobi militias were able to soundly defeat opposition forces and went on what has been described by Human Rights Watch as an ethnic cleansing campaign against Pamiris and Garmis. The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. Civil War was fought in two front’s; civilian and military. This was in part fostered by the Inter-Tajik Dialogue, a Track II diplomacy initiative in which the main players were brought together by international actors, namely the United States and Russia. White coup on Omsk made Admiral Kolchak dictator and in the south General Denikin built up armed forces of southern Russia (AFSR) and in north gen. Yudenich built up a small force. A United Nations-sponsored armistice finally ended the war in 1997. )", "Tajikistan's Civil War: A Nightmare The Government Won't Let Its People Forget", Дубовицкий, Виктор. Science, English, History, Civics, Art, Business, Law, Geography, all free! Before taking an in-depth look at the continuity between the two conflicts, we need to first establish the boundaries of this multifa… The Civil War is the central event in America's historical consciousness. Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. Daniel Levinson’s Seasons of Man: Summary & Analysis, Cite this article as: William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team), "Russian Civil War Summary," in. The Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin took over the government from the czar and defeated the Whites. The group's leader Ahmad Shah Masoud became a benefactor of the Tajik opposition. Most fighting in the early part of the war occurred in the southern part of the country, but by 1996 the rebels were battling Russian troops in the capital city of Dushanbe. It became a model for the Soviet Government system, as well as shaping the attitudes of those who served it. While the civil war both banks and industries were kept nationalized. Millions of Russians had been either killed or wounded. Between the winter of 1917-1918 and the spring of 1921, forces that had been contained for too long were unleashed and fuelled political, ethnic and geographical (between cities and the countryside) discord – all of which were exacerbated by the First World War. Many more fled the country, leading to a brain drain. In England, the 17th-century Civil War was fought between the King and those who wanted greater rights for parliament. The Civil War . Tajikistan's physical infrastructure, government services and economy were in disarray and much of the population was surviving on subsistence handouts from international aid organizations. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. The Red Army was an army of communists. Science Teacher and Lover of Essays. The Russian Civil War (November 1917 – October 1922) was a war in the former Russian Empire after the revolution of 1917. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovskalso resulted in direct Allied interven… Kolchak was thrown back to the Volga in May 1919. The White Army opposed the communists. The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. By Nov Denikin was 250 miles away from Moscow but retreated because of the stronger red army (they had bigger numbers). The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national gove… Notable individuals murdered include journalist and politician Otakhon Latifi, journalist and Jewish leader Meirkhaim Gavrielov, politician Safarali Kenjayev and four members of the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan: Yutaka Akino, a noted Japanese scholar of Central Asian history; Maj. Ryszard Szewczyk from Poland; Maj. Adolfo Scharpegge from Uruguay; and Jourajon Mahramov from Tajikistan;[28] and documentary filmmaker Arcady Ruderman, from Belarus. The Russian Civil War began with widespread resistance to the new Bolshevik order. President Rahmon Nabiyev and Speaker of the Supreme Soviet Safarali Kenjayev orchestrated the dispersal of weapons to pro-government militias, while the opposition turned to mujahidin in Afghanistan for military aid. This included landowners who had lost their estates, factory owners who had their property nationalized, devout members of the Russian Orthodox Churchwho objected to the government's atheism … Two major parties fought for their own interest. The United Nations established a Mission of Observers in December 1994, maintaining peace negotiations until the warring sides signed a comprehensive peace agreement in 1997.[27]. There were numerous prerequisites for civil war in Tajikistan, such as economic hardship, communal way of life of Tajiki people and their high religiousness. Tensions began in the spring of 1992 after opposition members took to the streets in demonstrations against the results of the 1991 presidential election. Tutor and Freelance Writer. The two largest combatant groups fought over the control of Russia’s political future: the Red Army, known as the Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin’s leadership, and the White Army which had foreign influence. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. In the United States, the Civil War was fought between the northern states and southern states largely over the issues of slavery and state sovereignty. Later in the war the opposition organized under an umbrella group called the United Tajik Opposition, or UTO. Advance of G forces in spring 1918 in to Estonia, Latvia Belorussia Ukraine led to overthrow of Bolshevik forces in that areas. They were generally viewed as anextremist group and had very little popular support when they beganserious efforts in April 1917.By October, the Bolsheviks’ popular base was much larger; thoughstil… Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov met with the Foreign Ministers of Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to discuss the proposed peace accord. Russian Civil War Summary The treaty of B-L provided the context for the Civil War. Fought 1861-1865, the American Civil War was the result of decades of sectional tensions between the North and South. Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. The rebel groups were led by a combination of liberal democratic reformers[8] and Islamists, who would later organize under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. In the European part of Russia, the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern, and the northwestern. The backbone of opposition were Party of Tajikistan Muslim Resurrection, Democratic party of Tajikistan and some other movements. World War I In 1914, World War I began and Russia was at war with Germany. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Also, the geographical distance between the White Army made communication difficult. Article last reviewed: 2019 | St. Rosemary Institution © 2010-2020 | Creative Commons 4.0. Spetsnaz troopers during the 1992 Tajik war, Tajikistan factions in civil war: Leading clans: Northern Sughd Region (red), Southern Khatlon Region (blue), Eastern Islamic (green), The most important cities involved in the conflict. The Russian Civil War raged from 1918 until the start of 1921. [15][18] Chaos and fighting between the opposing factions reigned outside of the capital Dushanbe. Особенности этнической и конфессиональной ситуации в Республике Таджикистан. In December 1992 the Supreme Soviet (parliament), where the Leninabadi-Kulobi faction had held the majority of seats all along, convened and elected a new government under the leadership of Emomali Rahmonov, representing a shift in power from the old power based in Leninabad to the militias from Kulob, from which Rahmonov came. The Tajik government had previously pushed for settling these issues after the two sides signed the agreement, with the posts in the coalition government decided by a joint commission for national reconciliation and prisoner exchanges by a future set of negotiations. Let us do your homework! His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Many of them were sent into battle without shoes, food, and even weapons. Focused on enslavement and states rights, these issues came to a head following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Deep political divisions within the White army disabled it while the Red army was relatively united under the Bolshevik party. Ideologically, the opposition included democratic liberal reformists and Islamists. The Russian Civil War ended on November 11, 1920 with the defeat of the White Forces, the Red Army's chief enemy, on the Crimean peninsula. Summary Civil War In November 1917, Lenin's Bolsheviks held St. Petersburg (Petrograd) but little else, and it seemed unlikely that they could possibly establish permanent control over the vastnesses of Russia. Numbered up to 5 million men by 1920. Over the next several months eleven southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. In response to the violence the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan was deployed. The Russian Civil War took place between the Bolsheviks, fighting for Communism, and the White Army. The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. E-mail Citation » This is a general overview in a very readable, narrative style, more descriptive than interpretative or analytical. https://schoolworkhelper.net/russian-civil-war-summary/, Wolves: Habitat, Characteristics, Behaviors, Mesoamerican Cultures: Olmecs, Mayas, Aztecs, William Carlos Williams & The Young Housewife, Oliver Twist: Characters, Setting, Style, Audience and Diction, Augustus’ Role in Shaping the Roman Empire, Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Abigail Williams Analysis, Hiro Murai’s “Guava Island”: Film Analysis, Alice Dunbar Nelson: Poet, Essayist and Activist. Because white forces were better trained, Trotsky sought the superiority in numbers. In 1918 a variety of different groups opposed the Bolshevikgovernment. After many clashes, the Leninabadis were forced to accept a compromise and a new coalition government was formed, incorporating members of the opposition and eventually dominated by them. The Bolsheviks, who led this coup, preparedtheir coup in only six months. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. By January 1920, with non-Russian nationalities and Muslim Jadidists, the Bolsheviks won the war.
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